网上有关“科技英语的主要内容”话题很是火热,小编也是针对科技英语的主要内容寻找了一些与之相关的一些信息进行分析,如果能碰巧解决你现在面临的问题,希望能够帮助到您。
科技英语反映的是日新月异的科学技术领域内的发展与创新。为了准确、科学地对这些新的进展与理论加以阐述,科技工作者们在遣词方面下了很大的功夫。
科技词汇的词形一般较长,多源于希腊语和拉丁语。据美国科技英语专家Oscar E. Nybaken统计,在一万个普通英语的词汇中,约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语,7.2%源于希腊语。尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中,这种比例就更高。例如:dynamics,electric,physics,pneumonia等(李庆明,2002)。希腊语和拉丁文之所以能成为科技词汇的基本来源,是因为这两种语言都是“死”语言,不会由于社会的发展而引起词义的变化,也不因词的多义引起歧义。
在科技文章中,同一词语词义的多专业化,即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用,而且含义也各不相同,区别很大。
科技英语中经常使用缩略语。随着现代科学的高速发展,缩略语将日益增多,往往一个缩略语可代表几十个词义。在科技英语中缩略语的构成方式有三种:
1.将词的部分截缩而构成新词,如parachute —chute(降落伞)。
2.将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词,首字母缩略词,如Unidentified Flying Object –UFO(不明飞行物)。
3.从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词,如telegram exchange –telex(电传)。
大量地使用名词和名词组。英语比汉语更广泛地使用名词,科技英语中这种现象更为突出。如科技文章中不说 We can improve its performance by using superheated steam.而说 an improvement of its performance can be achieved by the use of superheated steam.为了简短而明确地表达某一概念或事物,科技英语还广泛地使用名词词组,如energy lose, a day and night weather observation station。 在科技英语中经常使用的语法结构相当多,如被动语态句使用得很广泛。这是因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象,介绍科技成果等,使用被动句比使用主动句更少主观色彩。因此在科技英语中,凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体的场合,或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使用被动语态。例如:For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.
在科技英语中经常使用“It is (was)…that”这一强调句,如:It is heat that causes many chemical changes.
科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系,而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达,所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科技英语,而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体又一重要特征。如:Laser, its creation being thought to be one of today’s wonders, is nothing more than a light ①that differs from ordinary lights only in②that it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields ③that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.
直译法科技文章中所涉及的内容很少存在文化差异,科技词汇的意义也比较专一,所以很多词直译是能够为大众所接受。例如: surftheinternet(网上冲浪)、whitecollar(白领)、gamepoint(局点)、 genetically-modifiedfood(转基因食品)等。
音译法用发音相似的汉字来翻译,这时汉字不再有其原义,只保留其语音和书写形式。音译主要用于人名、地名、公司名及商标名等专有名词的翻译。例如:mosaic(马赛克)、disco(迪斯科)、Ken. tucky(肯德基)、bikini(tL~/E)等。翻译这类词时如耐心推敲,可达到音意兼顾、优雅易记的效果。如美国的化妆品Revlon被巧妙地译为“露华浓”,让人联想到李白描写杨贵妃花容月貌的名诗: “云想衣裳花想容,春风拂槛露华浓。”
半音半意法当直译和音译无法将科技新词的科技内涵准确地表达出来时,就要采用这种方法,它主要用于复合外来词的翻译。例如: milkshake(奶昔)、mini—skirt(迷你裙)、waterballet(水上芭蕾)、ice— cream(冰淇淋)、DoMingpape道林纸)、breakdance(霹雳舞)等。随着科技的发展、思维的进步,反映现实的语言也在不断发展以满足社会的需要。语言中最敏感的部分是词汇,这种发展变化在科技英语词汇里表现得尤其突出。要做好科技英语文献的翻译,就要认真研究科技英语词汇的特点及翻译技巧,了解词语后的科技内涵,必将有助于科技术语汉译这项复杂的工作.并能指导我们研究许多其他具体的语言问题 语篇也就是我们通常所说的篇章,是由一组相互连贯的句子组成的。语篇的语义结构和语篇机制,即衔接手段确保了语言由句子组成语篇,从而形成了一个有机的整体,所以对这一层面的分析包括了衔接手段和语篇结构(吴洁,2003)。
词汇衔接
词汇的重复出现可以减少语言在传递中产生的歧义,使读者易于正确地理解作者所要论述的客观事实或复杂的认识过程,体现了科技英语的准确性。如:Many stories abort the spread of AIDS are false. You cannot get AIDS working or attending with someone who has the disease. You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such persons.
逻辑连接
通过逻辑连接手段的运用,读者可以了解句子的语义联系,甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义(胡壮麟,1994),体现了科技英语的逻辑推理性和严密性。如:Microsurgery is helping to solve all kinds of medical problems that had been thought hopeless. For example, doctors can use the technique to restore blood flow to the brain to prevent strokes. And they can reopen parts of the reproductive system so some men and women who are not fertile can have children. Eye and ear doctors have used the techniques of microsurgery since the 1920s. But it was not until the early 1970s that doctors began to develop a better understanding of the possibilities of microsurgery.
科技给人们带来的影响,英文翻译
想要写一篇优秀的英文科研论文,就要先知道什么是优秀的论文什么不是。
编辑不喜欢看到的文章类型:
(1)逻辑混乱的文章
(2)用语不当夸大其词或表述有误
(3)语法和其他错误百出
通常而言一篇科研论文包含以下部分:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Results
Discussion
Materials and Methods
Acknowledgements
标题是编辑或者阅读者首先看到的,因此取一个好标题至关重要。
我们要用最少的单词概括出文章的主题,对标题有以下三点要求:
1.简洁,完整,易懂
2.避免出现化学式或特殊符号
3.通常采取以下三种形式:短语式、句子式和主副式,比如:
短语式:
Cyro-EM structure of human DNA-PK holoenzyme
A vital sugar code for ricin toxicity
句子式:
Suppression of MAPK11 or HIPK3 reduces mutant Huntingtin level in Huntington's disease models
Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage
主副式:
Class I histone deacetylases are major histone decrotonylases: evidecnce for critical and broad function of histone crotonylation in transcription
Abstract的目的是为了帮助读者快速了解文章的内容。
有以下几个要求:
1.独立性和完整性
可以单独存在并能够传达全文核心思想
2.简洁、准确、逻辑性强
因为Abstract有字数限制,我们必须用短短几句话说明全文的核心思想,因此每一个单词和句子都要仔细斟酌
3.形式符合期刊的规范
以发表在Cell Research 的‘5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages’为例:
Green:课题背景
高亮:结果(可以简单提实验方法)
红线:总结(可以适当展望提升)
1.介绍本文研究领域的发展状况(mini-review)
介绍内容一定是与本文主线最相关的研究背景。重要的点一定要涉及到。细节处可以在文中提及时再介绍。
2.通过讨论本研究领域为解决的问题(包括自己之前发表论文未解决的问题),自然过渡到介绍你的实验目的和重要性。
3.在结尾简单介绍本研究所做的内容和结论。
注意:
一定要在有限的篇幅内全面介绍已知科学背景,但是不要过度铺开,只要围绕文章主线着重介绍相关的背景即可。
相对而言这是一篇文章最轻松的部分,但是此部分也是最容易犯错的部分。通常方法材料部分的语法检查最不仔细,常见问题包括:时态、单复数、主动被动语态
1.逻辑很重要,有条理的叙述故事。注意段与段间的逻辑。可以在每一部分的小结果的开篇写一些承上启下的句子以连接段落。
讨论是相对难写的部分,讨论不是对结果简单的罗列,而是对结果进行更为深入的讨论:
你的研究解决了领域中哪些问题和疑惑
你的研究提出了哪些新的可能
以后应该怎样去进一步研究等
一般,还可以在结尾处再总结一下自己的研究成果
1976年,William Zinsser在《On Writing Well》提出优秀写作的三原则:
被动态包括:宾语+谓语+主语,或宾语+谓语
eg:
Upon the chemical treatment, the activation of XX signaling pathway could be observed.
可以修改为:
We could observe the activation of XX signaling pathway upon the chemical treatment.
General dysfunction of the immune system has been suggested in both mouse and human studies.
可以修改为:
Both mouse and human studies suggested that XX (disease) cause general dysfunction of the immune system.
1.不需要介绍性短语。例如:as it is published; as it is known
2.去掉没有意义的词。例如: important
3.啰嗦的词简化,把精力花在主要的句子上
a majority of ->most
a number of ->many
all four of the ->the four
due to the fact that ->because
give rise to ->cause
4.重复意义的词或句子用一个
limit condition, output performance
5.剪掉一些副词:very, really, quite
6.用肯定语气
not harmful ->safe
does not have ->lacks
not correct ->wrong
be not the result of A but B ->reflect B rather than A
7.不要常用there is/are
There are many ways in which we can handle this case.
->We can handle this case in many ways.
The data suggest there is an association between temperature and crop diseases.
->The data suggest an association between temperature and crop diseases.
It is likely that there exists functional redundancy among XX proteins.
->It is likely that functional redundancy among XX proteins exists.
8.用标点符号来改变句式,精简语言
分号(semicolon): 连接两个独立的从句。
圆括号(parenthesis): 加入解释或一些想法,即使没有这部分句子也应该是独立的。
冒号(Colon): 分隔能力弱于分号,比破折号要正式。用于列举,引用,举例,第二个从句是第一个从句的延伸。
破折号(dash): 表示强调,解释或定义。留给重要的用处。
在英文写作中我们常犯的问题:
1.科学用语的准确性
2.时态错误(描述实验过程结果时用过去式,总结实验结果时用现在时)
3.单复数错误
4.'a','an','the'的使用错误
5.比较不对等:
The root length of XX mutant is shorter than wild type rice.
The root length of XXmutant is shorter than that of wild type rice.
6.用词或句式单一
7.语序问题
8.句子过长
9.使用口语化用词
科技英文翻译解析
科技给人们带来的影响the influence of technology to people
科技给人们带来了什么影响 What does the technology influence people?
:
United States Academy of Sciences recently released a study through the main points of a bigger problem, that is how the brains of bilingual children's work, a second language affect the way of thinking of children and under what circumstances a person learning English is useful, perhaps can answer this question. From Trieste, Italy International School for Advanced Studies and the Agnes ? Jacques ?卡维斯Meller claims that the family from that of infants in both languages, some of their cognitive abilities must be in order to be able to put up with the rapid development of effective control of their two languages to learn.
We are talking about some aspects of cognitive ability is called the brain's "executive function", which can allow people to organize, plan, the distinction between priority activities can divert people's attention and inhibit the conditioned reflex. Can use both languages in Trieste is very unusual, because she though in Italy, but most were surrounded by Slovenia. Therefore, Dr.卡维斯and梅勒博士focused on 40 babies will not speak, half of which are from a single language family, while the other half come from bilingual families, through the completion of brain function under the control of the implementation of a task to compare them behavior.
First of all, in the Institute by a group of researchers invented a set of meaningless words, the infants were trained to guess the puppet appeared on the screen, and then change the location of terms and puppets. When all this is completed, the researchers found that even if they are to provide further clues to inform them of changes that have taken place, saying that a single language in the infant to learn to overcome their response will remain difficult. However, the bilingual infants has been found to be very easy to transfer their attention, offset ago no longer have a useful response.
人名我不是很会,不过还是可以的~~
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